In May he was once more appointed lieutenant-general in the north to avenge the Scottish victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor; this he did by a savage foray into Scotland in September. In March 1546 he was sent back to Boulogne to supersede the Earl of Surrey, whose command had not been a success; and in June he was engaged in negotiations for peace with France and for the delimitation of the English conquests. [44][45] Jane then recited Psalm 51 (Have mercy upon me, O God) in English, and handed her gloves and handkerchief to her maid. [4], The rebellion of Thomas Wyatt the Younger in January 1554 against Queen Mary's marriage plans with Philip of Spain sealed Jane's fate. [18] The Duke, Lord President of the King's Council from late 1549, was then the most powerful man in the country. John Hales, whose socially liberal rhetoric linked the issue of enclosure with Reformation theology and the notion of a godly commonwealth. [4], Upon the death of Henry VIII (28 January 1547), Seymour's nephew became king as Edward VI. Jane Seymours family was of ancient and respectable lineage. Personal, political and religious rivalry separated him and Baron Lisle from the Howards, and Surrey's hasty temper precipitated his own ruin and that of and his father, the duke of Norfolk. [35] On 19 July 1553, Jane was imprisoned in the Tower's Gentleman Gaoler's (Jailer's) apartments, her husband in the Beauchamp Tower. Her exact date of birth is uncertain; many historians agree on the long-held estimate of 1537, while others set it in the latter half of 1536 based on newer research. Jane then failed to find the block with her hands, and cried, "What shall I do? [42] According to the account of her execution given in the anonymous Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary, which formed the basis for Raphael Holinshed's depiction, Jane gave a speech upon ascending the scaffold: Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned to the same. [30], In summer 1548, a pregnant Catherine Parr discovered Thomas Seymour embracing Princess Elizabeth. ", Hoak, Dale. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, found himself accused of treason; on 24–25 December, he offered his vast estates to the Crown making them available for redistribution, and he spent the whole of Edward's reign in the Tower of London. On 11 October, the council had Seymour arrested and brought the king to Richmond. Appointed Esquire of the Body to Henry VIII in 1529, he grew in favour with the king, who visited his manor at Elvetham in Hampshire in October 1535.[4]. The Duke of Northumberland was executed on 22 August 1553. [37] Her sentence was to "be burned alive on Tower Hill or beheaded as the Queen pleases" (burning was the traditional English punishment for treason committed by women). Support for Mary grew very quickly, and most of Jane's supporters abandoned her. The tale of Lady Jane grew to legendary proportions in popular culture, producing romantic biographies, novels, plays, operas, paintings, and films. [29], In April 1547, using King Edward's support to circumvent his brother's opposition, Thomas Seymour secretly married Henry VIII's widow Catherine Parr, whose Protestant household included the 11-year-old Lady Jane Grey and the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth. (2015) "The succession crisis of 1553 and Mary’s rise to power", in, Kewes, Paulina. He issued a proclamation calling for assistance, took possession of the king's person, and withdrew for safety to the fortified Windsor Castle, where Edward wrote, "Me thinks I am in prison". The executioner asked her forgiveness, which she granted him, pleading: "I pray you dispatch me quickly." Jane had two younger sisters: Lady Katherine and Lady Mary. Jane Seymour was undeniably the first woman espoused by Henry VIII, whose title, as wife and Queen, was neither disputed by himself nor his subjects.Whilst Catalina de Aragon lived, a great part of the people considered Anne Boleyn but as the shadow of a Queen. There is no other Royal Family now in the world as magnificent as that of the Queen’s. [14], Lady Jane acted as chief mourner at Catherine Parr's funeral; Thomas Seymour showed continued interest to keep her in his household, and she returned there for about two months before he was arrested at the end of 1548. It entrusted the government of the realm during his son's minority to a Regency Council that would rule collectively, by majority decision, with "like and equal charge". Their execution was first scheduled for 9 February 1554, but was then postponed for three days to give Jane a chance to convert to the Catholic faith. Jane was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII through his younger daughter Mary, and was a first cousin once removed of Edward VI. [53] This painting had been discovered at the Yale Center for British Art in the United States of America. The two most serious rebellions, which required major military intervention to put down, were in Devon and Cornwall and in Norfolk. ", This page was last edited on 13 January 2021, at 00:35. However, there is no clear evidence for that outside Norfolk and Suffolk, where Northumberland had put down Kett's Rebellion; hence, where princess Mary sought refuge. That September, Catherine Parr died in childbirth, and Thomas Seymour promptly resumed his attentions to Elizabeth by letter, planning to marry her. [33] She would agree only to make him Duke of Clarence. [6] In May 1553, she married Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward's chief minister John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. He began smuggling pocket money to King Edward, telling him that the Duke of Somerset held the purse strings too tight, making him a "beggarly king". [8], Other historians have argued that Gardiner's exclusion had non-religious causes, that Norfolk was not noticeably conservative in religion, that conservatives remained on the council, and that the radicalism of men such as Sir Anthony Denny, who controlled the dry stamp that replicated the king's signature, is debatable. To the visiting scholar Roger Ascham, who found her reading Plato, she is said to have complained: For when I am in the presence either of father or mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them) ... that I think myself in hell. In 1541, during Henry's absence in the north, Hertford, Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Audley had the chief management of affairs in London. Article by Mrs Nonny Mouse [47] Her mother, the Duchess of Suffolk, married her Master of the Horse and chamberlain, Adrian Stokes, in March 1555. [17] Nothing came of this, however, and Jane was not engaged until 25 May 1553, her bridegroom being Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. [4] Instead, he was executed for felony (that of seeking a change of government) in January 1552 after scheming to overthrow Dudley's regime. Although Seymour was released from the Tower and restored to the council in early 1550, in October 1551 he was sent to the Tower on an exaggerated charge of treason. She is the oldest reigning monarch in the world. [55], "Jane Grey" redirects here. [3] In 1514, aged about 14, he received an appointment in the household of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, and was enfant d’honneur at her marriage with Louis XII. Some historians suggest that those close to the king manipulated either him or the will itself to ensure a shareout of power to their benefit, both material and religious. [48] In July 1549, Paget wrote to Seymour: "Every man of the council have misliked your proceedings ... would to God, that, at the first stir you had followed the matter hotly, and caused justice to be ministered in solemn fashion to the terror of others ...". Courtiers were always desperate … [20] He proceeded to rule largely by proclamation, calling on the Privy Council to do little more than rubber-stamp his decisions. After his fourth interrogation by the King's Council, he proposed his daughter Jane as a bride for the Protector's eldest son, Lord Hertford. These executors were supplemented by twelve men "of counsail" who would assist the executors when called on. [55] In the early 20th century this line was taken by the influential A. F. Pollard, to be echoed by Edward VI's 1960s biographer W. K. Jordan. Or just an 'appallingly bad picture'? [3] During the Protectorate and before, the subject was a central patron of the emerging Protestant literature. [33] Most importantly, Thomas Seymour had sought to officially receive the governorship of King Edward, as no earlier Lord Protectors, unlike Edward Seymour, had ever held both functions. Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor and "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was the queen of England from July … Painted 40 to 50 years after Jane's death, the "Streatham portrait" (so called after the area of London in which it resided for decades) depicts a young woman dressed in a red gown, adorned with jewels and holding a prayer book. [32] On 9 July Jane was informed that she was now queen, and according to her own later claims, accepted the crown only with reluctance. She had an excellent humanist education and a reputation as one of the most learned young women of her day. [15] He is known to have done so with William Paget, private secretary to Henry VIII,[16] and to have secured the support of Sir Anthony Browne of the Privy Chamber. [9] Whatever the case, Henry's death was followed by a lavish hand-out of lands and honours to the new power group. But the Scots were not to be won over yet, and would not be persuaded; the protector led another army into Scotland in September 1547, and won the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh on 10 September. [40], During 1548, England was subject to social unrest. [36] His initial successes, however, were followed by a loss of direction, as his aim of uniting the realms through conquest became increasingly unrealistic. Jane preferred book studies to hunting parties[11] and regarded her strict upbringing, which was typical of the time,[12] as harsh. [26] As King Edward's uncle, Thomas Seymour demanded the governorship of the king's person and a greater share of power. Tuesday 9th April 2002, the funeral of HM Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother was televised live throughout the world, here is a recording from an old VHS tape. [54] By autumn 1549, his costly wars had lost momentum, the crown faced financial ruin, and riots and rebellions had broken out around the country. "The traitor-heroine of the Reformation", as historian Albert Pollard called her,[49] was only 16 or 17 years old at the time of her execution. [25][22][26] Edward's decision to name Jane Grey herself was possibly instigated by Northumberland. Since then, the first Duke of Somerset has often been portrayed as an arrogant ruler, devoid of the political and administrative skills necessary for governing the Tudor state.[56][57]. lisby1 has uploaded 16710 photos to Flickr. [38] The cost of maintaining the Protector's massive armies and his permanent garrisons in Scotland also placed an unsustainable burden on the royal finances. As was to be expected, all defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death. [7][8] Frances was the elder daughter of King Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. [16], In the course of Thomas Seymour's following attainder and execution, Jane's father was lucky to stay largely out of trouble. [31] Edward also announced to have his "declaration" passed in parliament in September, and the necessary writs were prepared. [45] Local groups often assumed that the findings of these commissions entitled them to act against offending landlords themselves. "[52] King Edward himself testified about the pocket money. In September, Parliament declared Mary the rightful successor and denounced and revoked Jane's proclamation as that of a usurper. Princess Diana's Siblings Earl Spencer, Lady Sarah McCorquodale … [47], Whatever the popular view of the Duke of Somerset, the disastrous events of 1549 were taken as evidence of a colossal failure of government, and the Council laid the responsibility at the Protector's door. Jane is first introduced in episode 2.07 when Henry meets her while stopping at her father's estate, Wolfhall, with his friend Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, after a hunt. Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset KG PC (1500 – 22 January 1552) (also 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp ), also known as Edward Semel, was the eldest surviving brother of Queen Jane Seymour (d. 1537), the third wife of King Henry VIII. As soon as Mary was sure of King Edward's demise, she left her residence at Hunsdon and set out to East Anglia, where she began to rally her supporters. [32] In January 1549, the council had Thomas Seymour arrested on various charges, including embezzlement at the Bristol mint. The Privy Council switched their allegiance and proclaimed Mary queen in London, on 19 July. From the first, his main interest as Protector was the war against Scotland. [27] Seymour tried to buy his brother off with a barony, an appointment to the Lord Admiralship, and a seat on the Privy Council—but Thomas was bent on scheming for power. Henry VIII's will named sixteen executors, who were to act as Edward's Council until he reached the age of 18. Mary sent her chaplain John Feckenham to Jane, who was initially not pleased about this. [48] By 1 October 1549, Seymour had been alerted that his rule faced a serious threat. Historians have contrasted the efficiency of Edward Seymour's takeover of power in 1547 with the subsequent ineptitude of his rule. "A rare portrait of Lady Jane Grey? VI. Jane Grey is the only English monarch in the last 500 years (though whether her short reign was legitimate is disputed) of whom no proven contemporary portrait survives. [38] The imperial ambassador reported to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, that her life was to be spared. [27][28][29][30], Edward VI personally supervised the copying of his will which was finally issued as letters patent on 21 June and signed by 102 notables, among them the whole Privy Council, peers, bishops, judges, and London aldermen. They could not acquiesce in the Imperial ambassador's verdict that Hertford and Lisle were the only noblemen of fit age and capacity to carry on the government; and Surrey's attempt to secure the predominance of his family led to his own execution and to his father's imprisonment in the Tower of London. ", David Loades, "The reign of Edward VI: An historiographical survey", Vivian, Heraldic Visitations of Devon, 1895, p.702, pedigree of Seymour, William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester. [30] HE WAS EXECUTED ON TOWER HILL AFTER PROMOTING LADY JANE GREY FOR QUEEN UPON THE DEATH OF EDWARD VI. Other members included Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby and John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath. Catherine had been on the point of accepting him when Henry VIII required her hand. In February 1550, John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, emerged as the leader of the Council and, in effect, as Seymour's successor. Among other things, Thomas Seymour was charged with proposing Jane as a bride for the king. The traditional view is that she was born at Bradgate Park in Leicestershire in October 1537, while more recent research indicates that she was born somewhat earlier, possibly in London, in late 1536 or in the spring of 1537. [19] On 25 May 1553, the couple were married at Durham House in a triple wedding, in which Jane's sister Catherine was matched with the heir of the Earl of Pembroke, Lord Herbert, and another Katherine, Lord Guildford's sister, with Henry Hastings, the Earl of Huntingdon's heir.[20]. Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of 16 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. [4], From October to the end of Henry's reign he was in attendance on the king, engaged in the struggle for predominance which was to determine the complexion of the government during the coming minority. Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset KG PC (1500[1] – 22 January 1552) (also 1st Earl of Hertford, 1st Viscount Beauchamp), also known as Edward Semel,[2] was the eldest surviving brother of Queen Jane Seymour (d. 1537), the third wife of King Henry VIII. Even more than the Boleyn family, the Seymours became very well connected at the court of Henry VIII. [63] However, the female line continued, and Queen Elizabeth II is descended from Somerset through his grandchild by Catherine Grey. In the autumn he was one of the commissioners sent to Flanders to keep Emperor Charles V to the terms of his treaty with England, and in January 1545 he was placed in command at Boulogne, where on the 26th he repelled an attempt of Marshal de Biez to recapture the town. [citation needed], Northumberland faced a number of key tasks to consolidate his power after Edward's death. Northumberland set out from London with troops on 14 July to capture Mary. For other people titled 1st Duke of Somerset, see. It was owing to this circumstance, as well as the dignity she derived … "[41] She was then taken out to Tower Green, inside the Tower, to be beheaded. Remember what you promised immediately after, devising with me concerning the place which you now occupy ... and that was to follow mine advice in all your proceedings more than any other man's". Henry (who gets along well with Sir John Seymour, a comrade-in-arms to his late father) is clearly attracted to her, and at the end of the episode suggests she should come to court as a lady-in-waiting for Queen Anne Boleyn. [24] In his first parliament, which met in November 1547, he procured the repeal of all the heresy laws and nearly all the treason laws passed since Edward III. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/24908625/jane-brotherton Her father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and his two brothers joined the rebellion, and so the government decided to go through with the verdict against Jane and Guildford. Rather, it seems that Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel—whom Northumberland had arrested and detained twice as an ally of Somerset, before rehabilitating—engineered a coup d'état in the Privy Council in Northumberland's absence. [42], The same justification for outbreaks of unrest was voiced throughout the country, not only in Norfolk and the west. [49], The sequence of events that led to Seymour's removal from power has often been called a coup d'état. ", and the axeman answered: "No, madam." [46] Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, was executed 11 days after Jane, on 23 February 1554. [48] She was fully pardoned by Mary and allowed to live at Court with her two surviving daughters. [6] The final state of Henry VIII's will has occasioned controversy. After April 1549, a series of armed revolts broke out, fuelled by various religious and agrarian grievances. [10] The will contained an "unfulfilled gifts" clause, added at the last minute, which allowed Henry's executors to freely distribute lands and honours to themselves and the court,[11] particularly to Seymour (then known as Earl of Hertford), who became the Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King's Person, and who created himself Duke of Somerset. [41] A complex aspect of the social unrest was that the protestors believed they were acting legitimately against enclosing landlords with the Protector's support, convinced that the landlords were the lawbreakers. Both Mary and Elizabeth had been named illegitimate by statute during the reign of Henry VIII after his marriages to Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn had been declared void. Elizabeth was receptive, but, like Edward, unready to agree to anything unless permitted by the council. [53] Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset was interred at St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London. Thomas Seymour, brother of Queen Jane Seymour, final husband of Queen Katherine Parr Explore lisby1's photos on Flickr. Lady Mary Seymour (born 1542) married twice: Firstly to Andrew Rogers (died c. 1599), MP, Lord Edward Seymour (1548–1574), died unmarried and childless, Lady Elizabeth Seymour (1552 – 3 June 1602), who married, Daniel Moynihan portrayed Edward Seymour in the 1970, Richard Felix portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2001 TV series series, Thomas Lockyer portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2003 TV serial, Thomas Lockyer portrayed Edward Seymour in the 2003 film, Loades, David. 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