By translating the Arab versions of lost ancient Greek geographical works into Latin, European navigators acquired a deeper knowledge of the shape of Africa and Asia. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. Being in The Medieval and Pre-Modern Period The medieval period was highlighted by the growth of Christianity in the Western world. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanids to establish a unified Iranian state. The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress. This period saw advances in industrial technology. Modern society began in Europe after the introduction of Industrial society and large scale production. Each government determined the religion of their own state. Major changes of the Scientific Revolution and the 18th century included: Scientific discovery would accelerate in the late modern period, and continues today. Because of competing national interest, nations had the desire for increased world power through their colonial empires. [69], Infant mortality was a global concern during the Early Middle Period as many newborns would not survive into childhood. From the sixteenth century, America’s vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Consequently, he has long been considered the archetypal absolute monarch. Western Europeans used the compass, new sailing ship technologies, new maps, and advances in astronomy to seek a viable trade route to Asia for valuable spices that Mediterranean powers could not contest. [citation needed]. This industrial revolution began the modern world as we know it. Although a royal absolutist (and not a republican like the early Italian umanisti), Budé was active in civic life, serving as a diplomat for Francis I and helping to found the Collège des Lecteurs Royaux (later the Collège de France). The Pre Modern Period. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition. The ability to outflank the Muslim states of North Africa was seen as crucial to European survival. During the early modern era, the Ottoman state enjoyed an expansion and consolidation of power, leading to a Pax Ottomana. He succeeded in breaking the power of the provincial nobility, much of which had risen in revolt during his minority called the Fronde, and forced many leading nobles to live with him in his lavish Palace of Versailles. Along with the European colonization of the Americas, this period also contained the Commercial Revolution and the Golden Age of Piracy. The Silk Road, which led from Europe to East Asia, revived in the 16th century. [60] The Treaty of Utrecht marked the change from Spanish to British naval supremacy. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. During the Baroque period the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. Age of Discovery (Europe) 1400 - 1650. Royal support for the English Reformation began with his heirs, the devout Edward VI and the renowned Elizabeth I, whilst daughter Mary I temporarily reinstated papal authority over England. The War of the Spanish Succession was a war fought between 1701 and 1714, in which several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch, upsetting the European balance of power. Johannes Gutenberg is credited as the first European to use movable type printing, around 1439, and as the global inventor of the mechanical printing press. The country was strictly closed to foreigners with few exceptions with the Sakoku policy. Though it was invented in China, gunpowder arrived in Europe already formulated for military use and European countries took advantage of it and were the first to create the classic firearms. Leaders also supported direct sea trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Persian carpet, silk, and textiles. The Roman Inquisition covered most of the Italian peninsula as well as Malta and also existed in isolated pockets of papal jurisdiction in other parts of Europe, including Avignon. The first revolution led to government by the National Assembly, the second by the Legislative Assembly, and the third by the Directory. [2] Turkey colonized Southeastern Europe, and parts of the West Asia and North Africa. The Elector Frederick III established a university at Wittenberg in 1502. They traded with Mesopotamia and for centuries, cowries or seashells from the Maldives were used as form of currency between China and East Africa. The early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically. 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